Bone-black kiln.



PATENT onrion.

Nrrnn STATES BERNHARDT EBA, OF WARREN, PENNSYLVANIA.

BONE-BLACK KILN.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Aug. 1, 1905.

y Application tiled April 4, 1905- Serial No. 253,903.

' extremities with cooling chambers or cylinders which reduce the temperature of the bone black or other material sufiiciently to permit a safe discharge in contact with the atmosphere. j

The apparatus includes a plurality of retorts arranged in cooperative relation with a common furnace of any preferred type applicable for the purpose, and the present retort organization is so devised and has such operation that gases or other combustible elements liberated from the bone-black or other material treated may readily circulate back to the fire-bed of the furnace with a material economy in the use of fuel and an effective reduction in carrying out the revivifying or calcining operation with respect to cost.

The several retorts in the improved construction are made up of sections which `can be easily assembled or d-isassociated, and those nearest the greatest point of heat or subjected e to intense heat attack by being located adjacent to the fire-bed may be reversed to prollong the durability of the severalA retorts as an entirety. The outlet means for the retorts and communicating with the passages or chambers surrounding the same opening into the furnace or fireplace are so disposed that it will be impossible for any portion ofthe boneblack or fullers earth to pass out at the joints or communicating openings into the furnace or fireplace, with the additional advantage of obviating the least tendency to occlusion or obstruction of the escape of the gases or other combusti ble products emanating from the bone-black or fullers earth treated into the surrounding flue's or chambers opening into the furnace or fireplace. The products of combustion or other unconsumed refuse passing from the furnace or fireplace enter zation, and the caloric thereof facilitates the section shown by Fig. 5.

treatment or revivification of the bone-black or other material atthe center of the mass by interposing a heating medium in the latter, and, furthermore, any gases or other deleterious matter that might be set free by the kheat in theulower part of each retort is also per- 'mitted to escape through the lower end of the said conduit into the stack or other outlet means. Each retort opens at its lower eX- tremity into a cooling-chamber or continuing member of the retort, and said-chamber and all of the latter in the series of like devices are controlled by outlet mechanism of a slide type, by preference, which is in part operative to prevent'the deposit of the revivified bone-black or other material into an outlethopper or analogous device under certain conditions, and under normal outlet conditions automatic intermittentlyactuating devices cooperate with another part of the said outlet mechanism to permit the escape of the reviviiied bone black or other material from the cooling-chamberintothe common depositoryv Other objects, advantages, and the generall details will be more fully hereinafter set forth, and as a preferred construction the arrangement illustrated by the accompanying drawings is employed, and wherein- Figure l is an end'sectional elevation of an apparatus embodying the features of the invention, the furnace or fireplace being shown in transverse section as well as portions of the retort. Fig. 2 is a longitudinal sectional elevation of the apparatus. Fig. 3 is an enlarged detail transverse vertical section of one of the retorts, cooling-chamber, or retort continuation and cut-oiil mechanism for the latter. Fig; 4 is a detail perspective View of the upper section of one of the retorts, Fig. 5 is a detail perspective view of the lower section of one of the retorts. Fig. A6 is atop plan View of the retort-section shown by Fig. 4. Fig. 7 is a top plan view of the retort- Fig. 8 is a transverse vertical section of the retort-section shown by Fig. 5. Fig. 9 is a detail perspective View of a portion of the vcut-off mechanism coperating with the cooling-chambers.

Similar numerals of reference'indicate corresponding parts inthe views.

The furnace or fireplace structure 1 may be of any suitable brickwork form mounted on a base or supported by any other suitable means and has at its upper extremity a hopper or feeding-chamber 2 in communication with the gangs or oppositely-disposed series of retorts, said hopper or feeding-chamber being centrally divided at the bottom by an angular bridge or deflector 3 for effectively directing the bone-black or other material to be treated into the several retorts. This furnace or iireplaceineludes a suitable lire-bed means 4, having a grate which is accessible at the front of the apparatus through the medium of a door, as shown by Fig. 2, and including' also an ash-pit for obvious reasons as well as any preferred type of draft-dampers. In the lower portion of the furnace or fireplace 1 is an outlet-hopper 5, wherein the several cooling-chambers of the gangs of retorts deposit the cooled bone-black or other material after revivification or calcining, and said hopper is accessible through an opening 6 in the brick structure of the furnace. The general organization of the furnace is similar to that disclosed in my previous patent, but may be varied at will without departing from or modifying the salient features of the invention, and with the exception of the particulars of construction, which will be more fully hereinafter set forth in connection with the present specific improvements, may be single o'r double in its effect in accordance with the number of gangs or series of retorts utilized therewith.

The fire-bed 4 has an arch 7 at a distance thereabove to provide a chamber 8, having opposite side openings9, communicating with side circulatory chambers 10, in which the retorts are disposed, the retorts being inthe main materially less in diameter than the said circulatory chambers. The upper terminals of the chambers extend through the bottom of the hopper 2, one of the said chambers 10 being located on opposite sides of the fire-bed and each chamber having at its upper terminal a marginal angular supporting-plate 11. The bottom of each chamber 10 is provided or defined by a suitable metal plate 12, having openings 13 therein at regular intervals for the downward projection therethrough of the lower extremities of the retorts, the angular plate 12 being held up in position by application to adjacent portions of the interior walls and by the use of an I-beam or other analogous device, as-shown by Fig. 1.

Access to the lower portion of each chamber is gained through the medium of a gate or door 14, having a pull-rod 15 and other suitable accessories, as disclosed in my prior inventions, said gate or door 14 operating in conjunction with an opening in the outer portion of the plate 12 in each instance or in each chamber-bottom. lt is unnecessary to enter into explanation of this door or gate 14, as the same is fully set forth as to its operation and advantage in one of my prior patents.

As before indicated, a number of retorts are arranged in each chamber 10 and outlet to or have communication with a similar number of cooling-chambers. As all the retorts are of like construction, only one will be minutely described. Each retort comprises an upper section 16 and a lower section 17, the upper section being formed with a hanger or support 18, which in the intermediate sections has depending terminal flanges 19 to fit over the angular plate 11, surrounding the upper terminal or forming the margin for the chamber 10. r1 he end hangers have corresponding side flanges which engage the angular. plate ends at such points. 'l`he upper section 16 of each retort has two feedopenings 20, communicating with the bottom of the hopper or feeding chalnber 2, the hanger 18 having upstanding side iianges 21, which materially assist in directing the material to be treated into the openings 20. The upper section 16 and likewise the lower section 17 are preferably rectangular in crosssection, and the opposite ends of the upper section 16 are formed with a plurality of openings 22, from which deiiectors 23 extend inwardly and downwardly for a short distance into the interior of the said section 16. lThe section 16 also has a central flue or conduit 24, which in the main is rectangular in crosssection and projects below the bottom of said section in reduced cylindrical form, the upper extremity of this iiue or conduit being slightly reduced, as at 25, and projecting above the hanger 18 for a purpose which will be presently set forth. By extending the upper extremity of the iiue or conduit 24 a simple method of dividing the upper part of the section 16 to form the two feed-openings 20 results, and this upper extremity of the flue or conduit is slightly reduced with respect to its maximum dimensions for connection to an auxiliary cross-fine, which will be more fully hereinafter set forth. 1t has just been stated that the lower section 17 is approximately rectangular. This is true; but as such section is located close to the point of greatest heat of the furnace or fireplace it is preferred that all angular projections bc dispensed with as much as possible to render the said section more durable. The lower section 17 has an upper enlarged coupling extremity or end 26 to snugly receive the lower end of the section 16the said lower end of thc latter section being fully open. At opposite ends of the Lipper extremity 26 flanges 27 project outwardly and bear against the opposite end walls of the chamber 10 to avoid obstructing the circulation through the said chamber of the gases or other material passing out from the retort into the chamber 10 and which may be utilized as fuel. Between the iianges 27 the upper extremity 26 of the section 17 also has outlet-openings or short liues 2S, which are guarded by downwardly-1nclmed interior deHectors29, having such projection toward the center of the section 17as to overcome any possibility of the material treated to escape or pass out through the said openings 28. Extending centrally through the interior. of the section 17 is a Hue or conduit 30,-having its upper extremity reduced and of cylindrical form and projected upwardly into the enlarged end or extremity 26 oi' the said section to telescope in the lower end of the Hue or conduit 24 of the section 16, as clearly shown by Fig. 3. Throughout its length the Hue or conduit 30 has a plurality of openings 31 therein, which are guarded by downwardly-inclined shields or deHectors 32, the function ofthe said openings 31 being to permit the eliminated gas or other material from the boneblack or fullers earth to escape from the section 17 and be carried 0H from the retort, The lower end of the Hue or conduit 30 is fully open and extends downwardly nearly to the bottom of the section 17, and any gas or other material passing H from the bone-blackor fullers earth below the lower end of the said Hue or conduit 3() may also escape through the latter. rlhe lower extremity of the Hue or conduit has communication with the Hrebed 4, through the medium of the chamber 8, by means of openings 33 and 34', respectively,

Y in the Hue or conduit 30 and the side of the section 17, said openings being suitably connected and formmg an escape means for the products of combustion or other unconsumed Y material passing off from the said lire-bed.

The lower end of the sectionvl'? is Htted in the upper Hanged end 34 of a hopper-shaped ,coup-i ling orun'ion 35, the said upper Hanged end 34 havingra seat 36, in which the lower end of the section 17is fitted. The lower extremity or terminal of the hopper-shaped coupling or union 35 extends into a cooling-chamber 37 of suitable length and having its lower end over and adjacent to the upper portion of theoutlet-hopper 5 common to all the retorts.

All of the cooling-chambers are arranged over the` outlet-hopper 5 and are controlled by a common outlet or slide valve mechanism for convenience in relieving the said coolingchambers of the material collecting therein. It is obvious, however, that the success of the operation of the retorts is not dependent on this particular form of outlet-controlling mechanism, and if only one retort organization be used any sultable outlet-valve mechanism might be employed therewith. By preference, however, the construction shown is used, and consists of a frame 38, held in close position by the brickwork, masonry, or other support of the furnace or iireplace with relation to the lower ends of the several coolingchambers. The frame 38 has top side-Hanged oHsets 39, a central depressed bottom 40, and depending Hanges 41, hav-ing vertical slots 42 therein at intervals opening out through the lower edges to adjustably receive cross supporting-boltsv 43 for a llower slide-valve 44. The depressed bottom 40 of the frame 38 has a series of openings therein provided with depending bosses 46, with which the slidevalve 44 has close contact, and to maintain this contact the supporting-bolts 43 are adjusted and take up wear on the bosses, which may arise from continued use or movement of the valve. rlhe lower edges of the Hanges 41 are Hared outwardly, as at 47, to prevent the supporting-bolts 43 from becoming entirely disengaged or dropping out of place in the event of loosening, or hold the said bolts intact withl the frame until an attendant can rectify the loose condition of the same. On

the several bolts 43 are space-collars 48, ar-

ranged` close to the inner side of the flanges 41 and operating to maintainthe slide-valve 44 in central position under, the bosses 46. Resting on the depressed bottom 40 is a slidevalve 49, and the latter and the valve 44 have Iopenings therein to register with the openingsy45 and the bosses 46. The slide-valve 49 is normally open, and both valves 44 and 49 are projected through an opening 50 in the brickwork, as shown by Fig. 2, the valve 494 being manually operative and the valve` 44 regularly rcciprocated or automatically. actuated by mechanism which will now be described. A suitably-operated shaft 51 is provided withV a cam 52, or analogous device, the

latter being engaged by a yoke 53, adjustably connected lto theoutwardly-projecting end or extremity of the slide-valve44, the. yoke beslide-valve 44, the normally open slide-valve 49 may be shifted to close the lower extremities of the cooling-chambers 37, and in some instances it may be necessary in the treatment of the bone-black, fullers earth, or

other material to close the valve 49 without in the least interfering with the valve 44.

The. upper enlarged or expanded projecting extremities of the Hues 24 of the upper. sections 16 are Htted inthe. lower openings 54 of Aan auxiliary cross-Hue 55.0f hood-like form,

terminally seated in Ueshape'd collars 56, comumunicatingwithan escape Hue or chimney l means, as shown by Fig. 10. After the 'tern minals of the auxiliary cross-Hue. 55 are seated in the collars 56 angle plates or irons 57 are applied in the upper open portions ofthe said colf lars to support a brick andcement or other suit-`r able covering, which will be .part ofthe brick structure of the apparatus. The top portion of the auxiliary cross-Hue 55 has aseriesof nipples 58, surrounding openings which aline i with the upper extremities 25of ,the Hues v lng removable from the cam, eccentric, vor. analogous device 52 to facilitate repair or ad-` justment of the slide-valve 44. This mechanism is so proportioned that the slide-valve 44v will be regularly reciprocated thereby in op,y

' vto permit the introduction of a cleaning implement in any of the fines. The nipples 58 are normally closed by'removable caps 59.

Between the hangers or supports 18 of the upper sections 16 of the retorts, and to preserve the retorts in proper spaced relation in each chamber 10, bridge or closing plates 60 are interposed and terminally supported by the margin-plate 11. These bridge or closing plates form snug joints with respect to the upper extremities of the retorts and prevent the material to be treated from passing down between the retorts into the chamber 10.

The retorts can be readily removed from the chamber 10 for repair or replacement by others, or the sections 16 and 17 may be readily separated when itis desired to reverse the lowery sections 17 to change the position of opposite portions thereof with respect to the greatest point of heat, and thereby increase the service or durability of the said lower sections. Thelower sections 17 have outer fianges 61, which bear on the plate or support 12, and from these sections the cooling-chambers and the mechanism coperating therewith are suspended.

. The bone-black, fullers earth, or other material to be treated is deposited in the hopper 2 after a sufficient degree of heat has been attained in the furnace or fireplace and feeds downwardly through the openings 2O into the several retorts and packs closely around the joints between the flues or conduits 24 and 30. During the revivification of the bone-black or other material under the influence of heat inthe chambers 10 gases and other combustible matter pass out through the openings 22, 28, and31, as well as the lower open end of the iue 30. The gases or other combustible material passing out through the openings 22 and 28 into the chamber 10 are conducted to the fire-bed by the circulation in the chambers and consumed, thus serving as fuel and materially reducing the cost of revivifying the material by an economy in the use of other fuel fed to the furnace or fireplace. From the lower sections of the retorts the bone-black or other material finally passes into the cooling chambers 37, and from the latter is deposited in the hopper 5. The escape or liberation of the gases from the retorts is an advantageous feature, as injury to the said retorts from explosions is avoided, and the .treatment of the bone-black or other material candbe more effectively and expeditiously pursue The retorts' and the cooling-chambers, as well as the other parts brought into direct contact with the heat or subjected to an intense heating action, are constructed of suitable metal, preferably by casting, and when the lower end of the upper section of each re tort is fitted in the upper enlarged end of the lower section the expansion of the metal, due to its subjection to heat, Will tighten the joints to .such a degree as to resist accidental separation during the treatment of the boneblack or other material. If the retort is allowed to cool down from disuse of the kiln, the .subsequent Starting operation consists in `first heating the retort to tighten the joints by expansion previous to permitting a full feed of the bone-black or other material thereto; but during this preliminary operation a little of the bone-black or other material is permitted to pass through the retort and will settle or pack to a certain extent around the united ends of the flues 24 and 30, this limited quantity of bone-black or other material fed to and passing through the retort being regularly liberated from the cooling-chamber in communication with the retort, as heretofore explained. The purpose of this limited feed of bone-black or other material to the retort in the preliminary operation is to overcome any tendency of separation of the retort-sections before they have become suiiiciently expanded to establish a tight joint by heavy packing or settling of the bone-black or other material at the joint of the two sections. Under normal conditions the boneblack or other material will pack closely around the united extremities of the fines 21 and 3() and overcome any tendency to escape of the bone-black or other material through the said joint. Another important feature of construction to prevent passage of the bone-black or other material downwardly between the retorts is an abutting side [iangc 62 on the hanger or support 18, one of said fianges being located at each side of the hanger, and when the retorts are assembled the edges of the several iianges closely contact and the bridge strips or plates, heretofore referred to, are disposed thereover.

It will be seen that the brickwork innnediately abovethe fireplace and including a portion of the arch 7 extends downwardly aconsiderable distance, as at 63, to inclose or shield the upper part of the chamber 10 to increase the durability and prolong the upper section 16 of the retort located in said part of the chamber, and this provision for protecting the upper section of the retort, together with the reversibility of the lower section of the retort, will materially prolong the life of the entire retort.

Having thus described the invention. what is claimed isl. In an apparatus of the class set forth, a furnace having a chambercommunicating directly with the fire-bed, and a series of retorts disposed in said chamber and mainly of less dimensions than the latter, the retorts being composed of upper and lower sections', the wall of the furnace adjacent to the uppcrsection depending below the latter, and the sections at the intermediate joints having passages to establish communication between the upper and lower portions of the chamber.

2. In an apparatus of the class set forth, a furnace, a chamber having communication with the furnace, and retortsdisposed in the chamber' and having a space between the same and the walls ofthe latter, the retorts being composed of upper and lower sections with passages at the joints thereofto establish communication between the upper and lower portions of the chamber, the passages being partially formed'by opposite Walls ofthe chamber, and retorts having openings communicating with the said space.

3. In an apparatus of the class set forth, a furnace, a chamber communicating with the said furnace at its lower portion, and retorts disposed in the chamber and composed of upper and lower separable sections of less diameter than the' chamber and provided with intermediate passages to` establish communication between the upper and lower portions of the chamber. y

4. In an apparatus of the class set forth, a furnace, a chamber communicating with the said furnace at its lower portion, and retorts disposed in the chamber [and composed of separable sections, the lower sections being reversible. y

5. In an apparatus of the class set forth, the combination of heating means, and retorts composed of separable sections having interiorly-located separable flues.

6. In an apparatus of the class set forth,lthe combination of heating means, and retorts composed of separable sections having interiorly-located iiues also separably united and provided with openings.

7. In an apparatus of the class set forth, the

combination of heating means, of retorts having interiorly -located iues with openings therein.

8. In an apparatus of the class set forth, the combination of heating means, and retorts having openings therein and interiorly-located y flues also provided with openings. l

9. In an apparatus of the class set forth, the combination of a furnace, a chamber communicating with said furnace, and retorts disposed in said chamber and having openings -communicating with the latter and `also provid'ed with interiorly-loca'ted Hues with openings therein. 1

10. In an apparatus of the class set forth, the combination of afulrnace, a chamber having communication at its lower portion with the furnace, and retorts disposed in the chamber and composed of upper and lower sections, the lower sections being arranged opposite or close to the communicating opening betweenthe chamber and furnace and 4capable of being reversed.

11. In an apparatus of the class set'forth, heating means, a series of retorts, and coolingchambers suspended from the lower'eXtremities of the retorts, and provided with valve mechanism and includinga single slide-valve controlling Vthe outlet of the entire series of cooling-chambers.

12. In an apparatus of the class set forth,

, outlet of all the cooling-chambers. f f

13. In an apparatus of the class set forth, a heating means, a series of retorts disposed adjacent to said heating means, cooling-chambers suspended from the retorts, a bottom frame common to all the coolingchambers and having openings therein, and a slide-'valve coperating with said openings in the frame to control the outlet of the cooling-chambers.

14. In an apparatus of the class set forth, a heating means, retorts disposed adjacent to said heating means, c ooling-chambers` with which the retorts communicate, a bottom frame common to all the cooling-chambers, and hav-'Ky lng openings therein, and an automaticallyoperating Aslide-valve Icontrolling the said openings and the outlet of the cooling-chambers.

15. In an apparatus ofthe class set forth, `a 'l heating means, retorts disposed adjacent to the heating means, cooling-chambers in commu-V nication with the retorts,and an automaticallyoperating slide-valve controlling the outlet of all the cooling-chambers. i

16. yIn an apparatus of the class set forth, a

heating means, a series of retorts disposed adjacent to the heating means, cooling-chambers v communicating with the lower extremities of the retorts, a bottom frame common to all the s retorts and having openings therein, an automatically operating slide valve controlling said openings and the outlet of the coolingchambers, and a manually operative cut-off 'slide-valve toclose the outlet of the chambers.

17. In an apparatus of the classset forth', a heating means, a series of retorts disposed adjacent to the heating means, cooling-chambers communicating wlthsthe lower extremlties of the retorts, a bottom plate common to all the cooling-chambers and having openings therein, and a vertically-adjustable slide-valve held b v the frame and controlling the outlet of the chambers.

18. In an apparatus of the class set forth, a

heating means,la series of retorts disposed adjacent to the heating means,cooling-chambers communicating with'the lower extremities .of the retorts, a bottom plate common to all thev cooling.- chambers having depending anges with verticalslots and lower outwardly-deflected edges, a series of nutted supporting devices in the said slots, the plate having openings therein, and a slide-valve held on the supporting devices and coperating with the openings in they plate to control the-'outlet of the chambers.

l v19. In any apparatus of the'class set forth, a i

heating means, retorts disposed adjacent to l the heating means, cooling-chambers communicating with the lower extremities of the retorts, a bottom plate common to all the cooling-chambers and having openings therein and depending flanges formed with slots and lower outwardly-deflected edges, a series of nutted supporting devices disposed in said slots, a reciprocating slide-valve held on the supporting devices and cooperating with the openings, and an independent cut-od slide-valve also cooperating with said openings.

20. In an apparatus of the class set forth, a heating means, retorts disposed adjacent to the heating means, cooling-chambers communicating with the lower extremities of the retorts, and hopper-shaped couplings between the cooling-chambers and the retorts and having upper and lower flared extremities respectively engaging the lower ends of the retorts and entering the upper ends ofthe coolingchambers.

21. A retort for an apparatus of the class set forth, composed of upper and lower separable sections terminally fitted into each other, the ends of the upper section having a plurality of openings with inwardly-projected downwardly-inclined guards, and the upper portion of the lower section at opposite points also having openings and adjacent downwardly-inclined guards projecting into the interior of the said section.

22. A retort for an apparatus of the class set forth composed of upper and lower separable sections terminally fitted into each other and having openings in opposite portions thereof, and fines interiorly located inthe sections and also separable, the lower extremity ofthe flue of the upper section being projected below the lower terminal of said section to receive the upper terminal of the ue in the lower section and permit the lower terminal of the upper section to be snugly inserted in the upper terminal of the lower section, the upper end of the flue of the lower Section being reduced and projected upwardly into the upper terminal of the lower section.

23. A retort for an apparatus of the class set forth composed of upper and lower separable sections terminally fitted into each other and having openings in opposite portions of the walls thereof, and fines interiorly located in the sections, and also separably connected, the lower flue having openings therein with depending guards thereover, a lower open end, and an opening above the lower end, the lower section having an opening in communication with that near the lower end of its flue.

24:.' A retort for an apparatus of the class set forth composed of upper and lower separable sections having Aintr-zriorly-located fines, the

upper end of the lower section being enlarged to receive the lower end of the Lipper section, the flue of the latter section being projected below the lower end of said section to receive the upper end of the flue of the lower section the upper end of the flue of' the lower section terminating below the upper edge of said lower section.

25. A retort for an apparatus of the class set forth composed of upper and lower separable sections having interiorly-located fiucs also separably united, the upper extremity of the flue of the upper section being projected above the upper end of said latter section, combined with escape means engaging the upper projected end of the flue of' the upper section.

26. A retort for an apparatus of the class set forth composed of upper and lower sections, the upper section having a flanged hanger at its upper extremity, and a flue having its upper end projected above the hanger and transversely dividing the upper end of the section to form separated inlet-openings..

Q7. In an apparatus of the class set forth, a heating means, a series of' retorts disposed adjacent to said heating meansand having ii ues therein and openings in the bodies thereof, the upper extremities of the fines being projected above and extending transversely across the upper ends of the retorts and defining separated feed-openings in the retorts, and an auxiliary cross-flue with which the upper projected ends of the retort-lines communicate, said cross-flue being connected to chimney means.

28. In an apparatus of the class set forth, a heating means, a series of retorts disposed adjacent to said heating means and having lues 'therein and openings in the bodies thereof,

the upper extremities of the lines being projected above the upper ends of' the retorts and defining feed-openings in the latter, and an auxiliary cross-flue with which the upper projected ends of the retort-fines communicate, said cross-flue being connected to chimney means and having opening with removable covers in alinement with the retort-fines for cleaning purposes.

29. ln an apparatus of the class set forth, a heating means, a chamber having its lower portion in communication with the heating means, a series of retorts disposed in the said chamber and composed of upper and lower sections and having openings communicating with the chamber, the upper ends of the lower retortsections being enlarged to receive the lower ends of the upper sections and provided with end flanges which bear against the opposite walls ofthe chamber to form coml'nunicating ues between the upper and lower portions of the latter.

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand in presence of two subscribing witnesses.

BERNHARDT EBA.

Titnessesz CHAs. S. HYPER., GEO. W. REA. 

